REVIEW KINERJA MESIN PENCACAH PLASTIK SEKALA KECIL (RUMAH) UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA

Abstrak

Peningkatan volume limbah polimer domestik pasca-konsumsi saat ini memerlukan strategi intervensi yang efektif langsung dari sumbernya, salah satunya melalui pemanfaatan teknologi tepat guna berupa mesin pencacah plastik skala mikro-komunitas. Tujuan utama dari tinjauan literatur (literature review) ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara kritis dan mengevaluasi metrik performansi mekanis, efisiensi konsumsi energi, serta kelayakan tekno-ekonomi dari mesin pencacah plastik skala kecil dalam memproses limbah rumah tangga. Metodologi analisis dilakukan dengan menelaah data empiris dari berbagai riset riil terkait parameter desain sasis, geometri ruang hancur, metalurgi pisau pemotong, serta dinamika karakteristik material polimer input seperti Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), dan Polypropylene (PP). Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi mesin dengan sistem poros ganda (double shaft counter-rotating) memiliki kapabilitas yang jauh lebih superior dalam mengatasi tingkat heterogenitas dan variabilitas geometri limbah domestik dibandingkan dengan sistem poros tunggal (single shaft), yang sering kali mengalami kendala kemacetan mekanis (clogging) akibat lilitan plastik fleksibel. Dari aspek metalurgi, penggunaan baja perkakas tipe AISI D2 yang diberi perlakuan panas (heat treatment) hingga mencapai kekerasan 58 HRC terbukti mampu mereduksi laju keausan abrasif akibat kontaminan eksternal dan menjaga konsistensi ukuran serpihan (flakes output) pada rentang ideal 6–10 mm. Analisis energi spesifik menunjukkan bahwa integrasi komponen roda gila (flywheel) dan perangkat Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) mampu menekan konsumsi energi spesifik total hingga 18% serta mereduksi lonjakan arus mula mekanis. Secara tekno-ekonomi, implementasi mesin ini di tingkat Bank Sampah dinilai sangat layak secara finansial dengan proyeksi Internal Rate of Return (IRR) mencapai 24,8% dan masa pengembalian modal (Payback Period) selama 14,2 bulan, didukung oleh penurunan emisi akustik hingga 74 dB(A) yang aman untuk kawasan padat penduduk. Tinjauan ini memberikan arah rekomendasi bagi standardisasi manufaktur mesin daur ulang lokal yang ramah energi, aman, dan berkelanjutan.

The escalating volume of post-consumer domestic polymer waste necessitates effective intervention strategies directly at the source, primarily through the utilization of appropriate technology such as community-scale micro-plastic shredding machines. The primary objective of this literature review is to critically analyze and evaluate the mechanical performance metrics, energy consumption efficiency, and techno-economic feasibility of small-scale plastic shredding machines in processing household waste. The analytical methodology involves a comprehensive review of empirical data from various real-world studies concerning chassis design parameters, crushing chamber geometry, cutting blade metallurgy, and the dynamic characteristics of input polymer materials, including Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Polypropylene (PP). The review findings indicate that configurations utilizing a double-shaft counter-rotating system exhibit significantly superior capabilities in managing the high heterogeneity and geometric variability of domestic waste compared to single-shaft systems, which frequently suffer from mechanical clogging caused by flexible plastic wrapping. Metallurgically, the employment of AISI D2 tool steel subjected to comprehensive heat treatment to achieve a hardness of 58 HRC is proven effective in reducing abrasive wear rates from external contaminants, thereby maintaining a consistent flake output size within the ideal range of 6–10 mm. Specific energy consumption analysis demonstrates that integrating a flywheel component and a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) device can suppress the total specific energy consumption by up to 18% while mitigating mechanical inrush current spikes. Techno-economically, implementing this machine at the community Waste Bank level is deemed financially highly viable, with a projected Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 24.8% and a payback period of 14.2 months, supported by a reduction in acoustic emissions to 74 dB(A), which is safe for densely populated areas. This review provides strategic recommendations for the manufacturing standardization of localized recycling hardware that is energy-efficient, safe, and sustainable.