PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DALAM KONFLIK PEMBANGUNAN ENERGI PANAS BUMI

Abstrak

Konflik pembangunan energi panas bumi di wilayah masyarakat adat menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan proyek strategis nasional masih menghadapi tantangan dalam mewujudkan keseimbangan antara kepentingan pembangunan dan perlindungan hak-hak masyarakat hukum adat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap masyarakat adat serta mengkaji penegakan hukum terhadap dugaan tindak pidana yang terjadi dalam konflik pembangunan energi panas bumi di Poco Leok, Kecamatan Satar Mese, Kabupaten Manggarai. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan memadukan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan serta wawancara dengan masyarakat adat, pemilik tanah di lokasi proyek, dan perwakilan Aliansi Pemuda Poco Leok, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengakuan normatif terhadap hak masyarakat hukum adat belum sepenuhnya diikuti oleh implementasi perlindungan hukum di lapangan. Proses pembangunan masih menghadapi persoalan dalam penerapan prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), yang berdampak pada meningkatnya potensi konflik antara masyarakat adat dan pelaksana proyek. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa tindakan represif yang diduga terjadi terhadap masyarakat adat berpotensi memenuhi unsur tindak pidana, antara lain penganiayaan, pengeroyokan, ancaman, dan pemaksaan sesuai ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa perlindungan terhadap masyarakat hukum adat memerlukan sinergi antara pengakuan hak konstitusional, penerapan prinsip hak asasi manusia, dan penegakan hukum pidana yang profesional sebagai bagian dari penyelesaian konflik pembangunan energi.

The development of geothermal energy projects in indigenous territories has raised significant legal concerns regarding the balance between national development objectives and the protection of indigenous peoples' constitutional rights. This study examines the legal protection afforded to indigenous communities and analyzes law enforcement concerning alleged criminal acts arising from the geothermal development conflict in Poco Leok, Satar Mese District, Manggarai Regency, Indonesia. The research employed an empirical juridical approach by integrating statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data were collected through a review of relevant legislation and legal literature, complemented by field interviews with indigenous community members, landowners affected by the project, and representatives of the Poco Leok Youth Alliance. The findings reveal that, despite constitutional and statutory recognition of indigenous land rights, their implementation remains inadequate in practice. The study further indicates that the failure to consistently apply the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) has contributed to escalating tensions between indigenous communities and project stakeholders. Moreover, several acts allegedly committed during the conflict may constitute criminal offenses under Indonesian criminal law, including assault, collective violence, intimidation, and coercion. This study argues that effective protection of indigenous peoples requires not only formal legal recognition but also consistent law enforcement, meaningful public participation, and stronger institutional coordination to ensure that the transition toward renewable energy is carried out in accordance with constitutional guarantees, human rights principles, and the rule of law.