TRANSFORMASI SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA PASCA AMANDEMEN UUD 1945 PERSPEKTIF NEGARA HUKUM DAN DEMOKRASI KONSTITUSIONAL

Abstrak

Amandemen Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 merupakan tonggak penting dalam transformasi sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Perubahan tersebut dilakukan sebagai respons atas tuntutan reformasi untuk memperkuat prinsip negara hukum, membatasi kekuasaan, serta mewujudkan demokrasi konstitusional yang menjamin perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Transformasi ini tidak hanya mengubah struktur kelembagaan negara, tetapi juga memengaruhi mekanisme hubungan antar lembaga negara dan praktik penyelenggaraan kekuasaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis transformasi sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia pasca amandemen UUD 1945 dari perspektif negara hukum dan demokrasi konstitusional. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada perubahan prinsip ketatanegaraan, penguatan supremasi konstitusi, serta pergeseran pola kekuasaan dalam sistem pemerintahan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, dan pendapat para pakar hukum tata negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa amandemen UUD 1945 telah memperkuat karakter Indonesia sebagai negara hukum dan demokrasi konstitusional melalui penegasan prinsip supremasi konstitusi, penguatan sistem checks and balances, pembentukan lembaga-lembaga negara baru, serta peningkatan perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Namun demikian, dalam praktiknya masih ditemukan tantangan berupa disharmoni kewenangan antar lembaga negara dan belum optimalnya implementasi nilai-nilai konstitusional. Kesimpulannya, transformasi sistem ketatanegaraan pasca amandemen UUD 1945 secara normatif telah membawa Indonesia menuju negara hukum dan demokrasi konstitusional yang lebih kuat, meskipun masih diperlukan penguatan dalam aspek implementasi dan konsistensi penegakan konstitusi.

The amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia represents an important milestone in the transformation of Indonesia’s constitutional system. These changes were undertaken in response to reform demands aimed at strengthening the principle of the rule of law, limiting the concentration of power, and realizing constitutional democracy that guarantees the protection of human rights. This transformation has not only altered the structure of state institutions but has also affected the mechanisms of inter-institutional relations and the practice of the exercise of power. This study aims to analyze the transformation of Indonesia’s constitutional system after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution from the perspectives of the rule of law and constitutional democracy. The focus of the analysis is directed toward changes in constitutional principles, the strengthening of constitutional supremacy, and shifts in power relations within the system of government. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data are obtained through a literature review of laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and the opinions of constitutional law scholars. The results of the study indicate that the amendment of the 1945 Constitution has strengthened Indonesia’s character as a state based on the rule of law and constitutional democracy through the affirmation of constitutional supremacy, the reinforcement of the checks and balances system, the establishment of new state institutions, and the enhancement of human rights protection. Nevertheless, in practice, challenges remain, including the disharmony of authority among state institutions and the suboptimal implementation of constitutional values. In conclusion, the transformation of the constitutional system after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution has normatively led Indonesia toward a stronger rule of law and constitutional democracy, although further strengthening is still required in terms of implementation and consistency in constitutional enforcement.