KAJIAN EFEKTIVITAS PEMERIKSAAN METODE CLIA DAN NAT PADA DARAH DONOR DALAM PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT MENULAR MELALUI TRANSFUSI DARAH DI KABUPATEN BOGOR

Abstrak

Introduction: One of the risks of blood transfusion is the threat of HIV infection transmission. In the health profile of West Java province, HIV positive in 2023 amounted to 9,710 cases, an increase of 898 from 2022, which was 8,812 cases. Bogor Regency is in third place in the number of HIV positive cases, namely 830 cases. Around 5% of HIV sufferers are obtained through blood transfusions even though good and strict donor screening is carried out. Negative Anti-HIV serology test results still have the potential to transmit HIV infection. To increase safety, it is necessary to add examination with the Nucleic Acid Test (NAT) examination method. Method: The study used an experimental method with a true experiments design (posttest-only control group design). The study population was all donor blood samples at the PMI UDD Bogor Regency, using the Non Probability Sampling technique the researcher determined the number of samples as 100 samples to be tested for HIV using the CLIA and NAT methods. Results: The results of the CLIA method examination of 100 samples showed that 98 samples (98%) were HIV negative and 2 (2%) were HIV positive. Meanwhile, the NAT method examination showed that 97 samples (97%) were HIV negative and 3 (3%) were HIV positive. Based on the Independent Sample T Test, the Sig. (2-tailed) value of the NAT and CLIA methods was 0.023 <0.05. This means that there is a significant difference between the results of the NAT method examination and the results of the CLIA method examination. Furthermore, the t-count value of 2.284> 1.987 (t table) means that there is a significant difference between the NAT and CLIA methods. Conclusion: The NAT method examination is able to detect in the early stages of infection or the window period (WP) so that the virus will be detected faster. The NAT method is highly recommended as an additional examination besides the serology method (CLIA). However, the NAT method does not replace the serology method examination (CLIA) on donor blood due to the different targets of each. Therefore, both methods must still be carried out in screening examinations for infectious diseases through blood transfusion so that it can reduce the risk of disease transmission, especially HIV, to blood transfusion recipients.

Pendahuluan: Salah satu risiko transfusi darah adalah penularan infeksi HIV. Pada profil kesehatan provinsi Jawa Barat kasus HIV positif tahun 2023 berjumlah 9.710 kasus, meningkat 898 dari tahun 2022 yaitu 8.812 kasus. Kabupaten Bogor berada di urutan ketiga dalam jumlah HIV positif yakni 830 kasus. Sekitar 5% penderita HIV diperoleh melalui transfusi darah meskipun dilakukan skrining donor yang baik dan ketat. Hasil pemeriksaan serologi Anti-HIV negatif masih berpotensi menularkan infeksi HIV. Untuk meningkatkan kemananan perlu ditambahkan pemeriksaan dengan metode pemeriksaan Nucleic Acid Test (NAT). Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode ekperimen dengan desain true experiments (posttest-only control group design). Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh sampel darah donor di UDD PMI Kabupaten Bogor, dengan menggunakan teknik Non Probability Sampling peneliti menetapkan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 sampel untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan HIV dengan metode CLIA dan NAT. Hasil: Hasil pemeriksaan metode CLIA terhadap 100 sampel didapatkan 98 sampel (98%) negatif HIV dan 2 (2%) positif HIV. Sedangkan pemeriksaan metode NAT didapatkan hasil 97 sampel (97%) negatif HIV dan 3 (3%) positif HIV. Berdasarkan uji Independent Sample T Test didapatkan nilai Sig. (2-tailed) pemeriksaan metode NAT dan Metode CLIA yakni 0,023 < 0,05. Hal ini berarti ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil pemeriksaan metode NAT dan hasil pemeriksaan Metode CLIA. Selanjutnya nilai t hitung sebesar 2,284 > 1,987 (t tabel) maka dapat diartikan ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pemeriksaan metode NAT dan metode CLIA. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan metode NAT mampu mendeteksi dalam tahap infeksi awal atau window periode (WP) sehingga virus akan terdeteksi lebih cepat. Metode NAT sangat disarankan sebagai pemeriksaan tambahan selain metode serologi (CLIA). Namun metode NAT tidak menggantikan pemeriksaan metode serologi (CLIA) pada darah donor dikarenakan perbedaan target dari masing-masing. Maka kedua metode harus tetap dilakukan dalam pemeriksaan skrining penyakit menular melalui transfusi darah sehingga dapat menekan resiko penularan penyakit khususnya HIV ke penerima transfusi darah.